%PDF-1.2
%
2 0 obj
<<
/Length 8181
>>
stream
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
15 0 0 15 156.06 724.08 Tm
/Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc
/GS1 gs
-0.0003 Tc
-0.0015 Tw
(Update of Activities at the Georgia Envirotron)Tj
0.724 -1.256 TD
(The University of Georgia, Griffin Campus)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
9.96 0 0 9.96 212.16 675.66 Tm
0.0002 Tc
-0.0009 Tw
(ENVIROTRON EQUIPMENT UPGRADES)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-15.3554 -2.5361 TD
0.0003 Tc
-0.001 Tw
(CONVIRON GROWTH CHAMBERS)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
0 -1.2892 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0 Tw
(Dehumidification )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.3675 0 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(systems were installed in six CG72 growth chambers. Dehumidifiers are CargoCaire 150)Tj
-8.3675 -1.2651 TD
(units comprising a SiGel dessicant wheel. The dehumidifiers are installed on top of the chambers with)Tj
0 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(inlet/outlet ducting on either side of the CG72 evaporative )Tj
25.6747 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(coils. The units are separately controlled with a wall-)Tj
-25.6747 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(mounted humidistat in the CG-72 machine room. The humidification option in the CG-72 chambers has been)Tj
T*
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(deactivated to prevent conflicting control betw)Tj
20.1868 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(een the dehumidification and humidification units.)Tj
-20.1868 -1.2892 TD
0.0017 Tc
0 Tw
(A )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
0.9458 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
[(separate temperature monitoring sy)12.9(stem )]TJ
/TT2 1 Tf
19.6205 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(has been installed in the nine growth chambers. Each chamber)Tj
-20.5663 -1.2651 TD
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
(has been equipped with a type T thermocouple sensor, and )Tj
26.494 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(all thermocouples are connected to a single)Tj
-26.494 -1.259 TD
(Campbell Scientific CR21-X datalogger equipped with a reference temperature sensor. The datalogger is)Tj
T*
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
(connected to the Envirotron LAN through an Campbell Scientific MD9 coaxial interface which in turn is)Tj
T*
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(connected to an NL-100 network link interface.)Tj
T*
0.0009 Tc
0 Tw
(GREENHOUSES)Tj
0 -1.2892 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(Six of the eight greenhouses have been retrofitted with )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
24.3976 0 TD
[(Wadsw)-24.6(o)1.2(rth Step50 greenhouse controllers)]TJ
/TT2 1 Tf
20.3133 0 TD
(, along)Tj
-44.7108 -1.2651 TD
(with redesigns of the actuation of the pad louvers and )Tj
23.8976 0 TD
(retrofitting of Wadsworth rack and pinion arms to open)Tj
-23.8976 -1.259 TD
(and close the roof vents.)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
16.8554 -1.2892 TD
0.0005 Tc
-0.0012 Tw
(GROWTH CHAMBER RESEARCH)Tj
-12.1024 -2.5663 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
[(Morphological Characterizations of Clov)6.8(er for Determination of Genetic Redundancy)]TJ
5.9458 -1.2831 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
[( Brad Morris, Plant Genetics Resources Conserv)6.9(a)0.8(tion Unit. )]TJ
/TT2 1 Tf
-10.6988 -1.253 TD
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
[(Genetic redundancy)5.1( is of prime concern for curation of crop species. The USDA, ARS, PGRCU )]TJ
/TT6 1 Tf
42.5482 0 TD
-0.0008 Tc
0 Tw
(Trifolium)Tj
-42.5482 -1.259 TD
-0.0016 Tc
(subterraneum)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
6.1506 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
( collection is suspect of having genetic redundant accessions. Our goal was to determine whether)Tj
-6.1506 -1.259 TD
(or not genetic redundant accessions do in fact exist within the U.S. subterraneum clover collection. Subclover)Tj
T*
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
(seed were planted in potting soil within each of five 4" plastic pots. A sub-sample of 90 subclover accessions)Tj
T*
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(were tested. Soon after seed germination, each pot utilized in the test were moved to growth chambers at the)Tj
T*
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(Georgia Envirotron. Plants were grown in a 16 )Tj
20.9639 0 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
(hour photoperiod regime with a 27 C / 17 C day/night)Tj
-20.9639 -1.259 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(temperature setting. Successful morphological characteriza)Tj
26.4518 0 TD
(tions were recorded for leaf marking, flower color,)Tj
-26.4518 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(and stipule color.)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
0.5241 -2.5482 TD
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
[(Combined Effects of Elev)6.5(ated Carbon Dioxide Lev)6.5(e)0.4(ls and Temperature on the Biology)12.5( of the Mealy)12.5(bug)]TJ
/TT8 1 Tf
9.0663 -1.2831 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
(Phenacoccus madeirensis )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8072 0 TD
(Green \(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae\))Tj
-12.4277 -1.2831 TD
-0.0017 Tc
0.001 Tw
(Juang-Horng Chong)Tj
6 0 0 6 254.52 275.58 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 257.88 271.3801 Tm
-0.0008 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(, Marc W. Van Iersel)Tj
6 0 0 6 351.3 275.58 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 354.66 271.3801 Tm
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
(, and Ron D. Oetting)Tj
6 0 0 6 450.12 275.58 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
-46.66 -2.13 TD
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 173.52 258.6 Tm
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
[( Department of Entomology)12.9(, )]TJ
6 0 0 6 309.24 262.8 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 312.6 258.6 Tm
-0.0008 Tc
0.0001 Tw
( Department of Horticulture)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-25.4398 -1.253 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(The combined effects of elevated CO)Tj
6 0 0 6 223.26 243.8401 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 226.62 246.1201 Tm
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
( levels \(400 and 700 L/L\) and temperatures \(20, 25 and 30 )Tj
6 0 0 6 491.8199 250.3201 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(0)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 495.1799 246.1201 Tm
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(C\) on the)Tj
-43.7711 -1.259 TD
0.0005 Tw
(development, survival and reproduction )Tj
17.9639 0 TD
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
(of two generations of the mealybug )Tj
/TT6 1 Tf
15.7952 0 TD
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
(Phenacoccus madeirensis )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
11.9277 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0 Tw
(were)Tj
-45.6867 -1.259 TD
0.0005 Tw
(investigated. Mealybugs were reared on chrysanthemums grown in growth chambers set at a specific CO)Tj
6 0 0 6 527.46 218.7601 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 530.8199 221.0401 Tm
( )Tj
-47.3494 -1.259 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
(level and temperature. The duration to egg hatching and to adulthood of the mealybugs was recorded by)Tj
T*
(examining the mealybug cohorts daily. Hatching rates )Tj
23.9458 0 TD
(of eggs and survival rate to adulthood were determined)Tj
-23.9458 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(by recording the number of individuals that successf)Tj
22.9518 0 TD
(ully molted into the next developmental stage. The)Tj
-22.9518 -1.259 TD
0.0006 Tw
(proportion of females in the population was determined by fractioning the number of females over the total)Tj
T*
0.0005 Tw
(number of adults at the end of the experiment. Adult fe)Tj
24.0602 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(males were isolated in leaf cages and their eggs were)Tj
-24.0602 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(collected daily to determine fecundity. The nutritional )Tj
23.5 0 TD
(status \(carbon concentration, nitrogen concentration, and)Tj
-23.5 -1.259 TD
(the relative water content of leaves\) of chrysanthemum were also studied to interpret the performance of)Tj
T*
(mealybugs at elevated CO)Tj
6 0 0 6 176.28 118.44 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 179.64 120.7201 Tm
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
( level and temperature. The development of mealybug is temperature-dependent.)Tj
-12.0904 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(Duration of development did not differ among different CO)Tj
6 0 0 6 314.34 105.9001 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 317.7 108.1801 Tm
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
( level treatments and generations. A female)Tj
-25.9518 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(completed its development in about 20 days at 30 )Tj
6 0 0 6 280.62 99.8401 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(0)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 283.98 95.64 Tm
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
(C, 28 days at 25 )Tj
6 0 0 6 359.04 99.8401 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(0)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 362.4 95.64 Tm
-0.0016 Tc
0.0009 Tw
(C, and 47 days at 20 )Tj
6 0 0 6 456.78 99.8401 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(0)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 460.14 95.64 Tm
-0.0008 Tc
0.0001 Tw
(C. Males have)Tj
-40.253 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(longer duration of development than females. Survival)Tj
24.1205 0 TD
0.0006 Tw
( rates, proportion of females, fecundity, duration of)Tj
-24.1205 -1.259 TD
0.0005 Tw
(reproduction, and the parameters of host plant nutritional )Tj
25.3313 0 TD
(status did not differ significantly among temperature)Tj
-25.3313 -1.259 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(and CO)Tj
6 0 0 6 93.48 55.7401 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 96.84 58.0201 Tm
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
( level treatments and between generations.)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/TT2 4 0 R
/TT4 5 0 R
/TT6 6 0 R
/TT8 7 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 8 0 R
>>
/ColorSpace <<
/Cs5 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<<
/FunctionType 0
/Domain [0 1]
/Range [0 1]
/BitsPerSample 8
/Size [256]
/Length 271
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
H
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
endstream
endobj
9 0 obj
[/CalRGB <<
/WhitePoint [0.9505 1 1.089]
/Gamma [2.22222 2.22222 2.22222]
/Matrix [0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.7152 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505]
>>
]
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/Length 9805
>>
stream
BT
/TT4 1 Tf
9.96 0 0 9.96 108.66 728.46 Tm
/Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc
/GS1 gs
-0.0018 Tc
0.0011 Tw
(Fate of )Tj
/TT8 1 Tf
3.5422 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(Eschericha coli)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
7.3193 0 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
( O157:H7 in Manure Compost Applied to Soil and Vegetables)Tj
-7.6205 -1.2831 TD
-0.0019 Tc
0.0012 Tw
(Mahbub Islam)Tj
6 0 0 6 207.18 719.88 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 210.54 715.6801 Tm
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
(, Jennie Morgan)Tj
6 0 0 6 286.14 719.88 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 289.5 715.6801 Tm
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
[(, Michael P. Doy)13(l)-0.3(e)]TJ
6 0 0 6 376.08 719.88 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 379.44 715.6801 Tm
-0.0017 Tc
0.001 Tw
( and Xuiping Jiang)Tj
6 0 0 6 467.7 719.88 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
-46.21 -2.13 TD
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 193.8 702.9 Tm
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
[( Center for Food Safety)13(, )]TJ
6 0 0 6 309.06 707.1 Tm
0.0039 Tc
0 Tw
(2 )Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 314.1 702.9 Tm
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
[(Univ)7(ersity)13( of Clemson.)]TJ
/TT2 1 Tf
-25.5904 -1.253 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
[(Animal waste in the form of raw manure or composted manure is routinely)4.8( applied to the land as a crop fertilizer)]TJ
0 -1.259 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(and/or soil amendment. A potential risk arising from the disposal of animal waste of fecal origin is the spread of)Tj
T*
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(enteric pathogens. Many outbreaks or cases of )Tj
/TT6 1 Tf
21.006 0 TD
0.0001 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
(E. coli )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(O157:H7 infection have been associated with water or)Tj
-24.006 -1.259 TD
(food directly or indirectly contaminated with animal )Tj
22.5602 0 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
(manure. Cross-contamination of produce from manure or)Tj
-22.5602 -1.259 TD
-0.0016 Tc
0.0009 Tw
(improperly composted manure used on the farm can be a )Tj
25.6024 0 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(source of pathogen contamination during preharvest. )Tj
-25.6024 -1.259 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(Although competition with soil microorganisms and adver)Tj
25.1807 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(se environmental conditions can reduce pathogens,)Tj
-25.1807 -1.259 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
[(there is little information regarding the ability)4.9( of )]TJ
/TT6 1 Tf
20.8976 0 TD
0.0001 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
(E. coli )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(O157:H7 to survive in manure-amended soils. In this)Tj
-23.8976 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(study, our objective was to determine the fate of )Tj
/TT6 1 Tf
21.4518 0 TD
0.0001 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
(E. coli )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(O157:H7 in soil and on vegetables in a controlled and)Tj
-24.4518 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(contained plant growth chamber environment.)Tj
T*
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(A five-strain mixture of green fluorescent protein \(GFP\)-expressing )Tj
/TT6 1 Tf
29.6627 0 TD
0.0001 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
(E. coli )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
(O157:H7 was prepared and)Tj
-32.6627 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(inoculated at 10)Tj
6 0 0 6 129.36 569.22 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(7)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 132.72 565.02 Tm
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
( CFU/g into the compost. The inoculated compost was mixed with Tifton clay soil at a ratio of)Tj
-7.3795 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
[(1: 100. Twenty)4.8( horticultural pots for each of baby)4.8( ca)]TJ
22.8855 0 TD
(rrot and green onion plants were filled with inoculated and)Tj
-22.8855 -1.259 TD
[(fertilized soil \(ca.5000 g\). Three healthy)4.8( transplants of each plant were planted into each pot 100 mm apart from)]TJ
T*
0.0006 Tw
(each other, and then irrigated with city tap water. The pots )Tj
25.9398 0 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(were placed in the Envirotron with control of light,)Tj
-25.9398 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(temperature, and CO)Tj
6 0 0 6 152.52 512.58 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 155.88 514.86 Tm
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
( levels. Special air filters was installed to prevent pathogens from spreading to the)Tj
-9.7048 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
[(environment. Plants were irrigated every)4.8( other day)4.8(, and fe)]TJ
25.6024 0 TD
-0.0007 Tc
0 Tw
(rtilized with soluble fertilizer \(Sam's Choice Deep)Tj
-25.6024 -1.259 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(Feeding All purpose Food\) every two weeks. Soil sample)Tj
25.1205 0 TD
(s from around the plant \(Soil\), plant leaves and stem)Tj
-25.1205 -1.259 TD
(samples \(Plant\), and soil samples just under the roots \(S/p\) in triplicate were analyzed for )Tj
/TT6 1 Tf
39.9217 0 TD
0.0001 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
(E. coli )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(O157:H7 at)Tj
-42.9217 -1.259 TD
0.0005 Tw
(approximately weekly intervals for the first four weeks, )Tj
24.1687 0 TD
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
(and every 2 weeks for the rest of plant growth cycle \(up)Tj
-24.1687 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(to 3 months\). Soil moisture content and pH were also determined. Over a period of 64 days in onion, the)Tj
T*
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(population of GFP-expressing )Tj
/TT6 1 Tf
13.4759 0 TD
0.0001 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
(E. coli )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(O157:H7 in soil and soil under roots samples was steadily reduced by 3)Tj
-16.4759 -1.259 TD
(log , whereas in plant samples was reduced by 2. With ca)Tj
25.3976 0 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(rrot, it took 84 days to achieve a reduction of 2.3 log)Tj
-25.3976 -1.259 TD
(in soil. Seventy days were needed to get a reduction of 1.7 log in carrot plant.)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
0.012 -2.5482 TD
-0.0015 Tc
0.0008 Tw
[(Image analy)12.5(s)0.4(is for non-destructiv)6.5(e and non-inv)6.5(asiv)6.5(e)0.4( quantification of root grow)-24.9(th and soil w)-24.9(a)0.4(ter content)]TJ
21.4699 -1.2831 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(in rhizotrons. )Tj
-6.6265 -1.2831 TD
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
(Rolf O. Kuchenbuch)Tj
6 0 0 6 302.64 367.8 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 306 363.6 Tm
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
( and Keith T. Ingram)Tj
6 0 0 6 401.52 367.8 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
-55.44 -2.13 TD
(1)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 72.24 350.82 Tm
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
[( Center for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research, Muncheberg, Germany)12.8(, )]TJ
6 0 0 6 469.68 355.02 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 473.04 350.82 Tm
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
( Department of)Tj
-22.4518 -1.2831 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(Crop and Soil Sciences.)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-19.0964 -1.253 TD
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
(Studies aiming at quantification of roots growing in soil )Tj
24.2952 0 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(are often constrained by the lack of suitable methods for)Tj
-24.2952 -1.259 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(continuous, nondestructive measurements. A system is)Tj
24.6747 0 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
( presented in which maize \(Zea mays L.\) seedlings)Tj
-24.6747 -1.259 TD
0.0005 Tw
(were grown in acrylic containers rhizotrons in a )Tj
22.6747 0 TD
(soil layer 6-mm thick. These thin-layer soil rhizotrons)Tj
-22.6747 -1.259 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(facilitate homogeneous soil preparation and nondestructive observation of root growth. Rhizotrons with plants)Tj
T*
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(were placed in an Envirotron CG72 growth chamber, on a rack slanted to a 45)Tj
6 0 0 6 404.94 279.6 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(o)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 408.3 275.4001 Tm
-0.0014 Tc
0.0007 Tw
( angle to promote growth of)Tj
-35.0482 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(roots along the transparent acrylic sheet. At 2- to 3-day)Tj
24.5482 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
( intervals, rhizotrons were placed on a flatbed scanner to)Tj
-24.5482 -1.259 TD
(collect digital images from which root length and root diameters were measured using RMS software. Images)Tj
T*
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(taken during the course of the experiment were also)Tj
22.9518 0 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
( analyzed with QUACOS software that measures average)Tj
-22.9518 -1.259 TD
(pixel color values. Color readings obtained were converted to soil water content using images of reference soils)Tj
T*
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
(of known soil water contents.)Tj
T*
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(To verify that roots observed at the surface of the rhizot)Tj
24.4398 0 TD
0.0005 Tw
(rons were representative of the total root system in the)Tj
-24.4398 -1.259 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(rhizotrons, they were compared with destructive sample)Tj
24.6145 0 TD
(s of roots that were carefully washed from soil and)Tj
-24.6145 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0.0006 Tw
(analyzed for total root length and root diameter. A )Tj
22.7229 0 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0003 Tw
(significant positive relation was found between visible and)Tj
-22.7229 -1.259 TD
(washed out roots. However, the influence of soil water content and soil bulk density was reflected on seminal)Tj
T*
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(roots rather than first order laterals that are responsible for more than 80% of the total root length.)Tj
T*
(Changes in soil water content during plant growth could be quantified in the range of 0.04 to .26 cm)Tj
6 0 0 6 494.9399 141.66 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 498.2999 137.4601 Tm
-0.0002 Tc
-0.0005 Tw
( cm)Tj
6 0 0 6 514.3199 141.66 Tm
0.0038 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 521.0399 137.4601 Tm
0.0002 Tc
-0.0009 Tw
( if)Tj
-46.3675 -1.259 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(image areas of 500 x 500 pixel were analyzed and averaged. With spatial resolution of 12 x 12 pixel, however,)Tj
T*
(soil water contents could only be discriminated below 0.09 cm)Tj
6 0 0 6 330.96 116.58 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 334.32 112.38 Tm
-0.0002 Tc
-0.0005 Tw
( cm)Tj
6 0 0 6 350.34 116.58 Tm
-0.003 Tc
0 Tw
(-3)Tj
9.96 0 0 9.96 355.68 112.38 Tm
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
( due to the spatial variation of color)Tj
-29.7651 -1.259 TD
-0.0013 Tc
0 Tw
(readings.)Tj
T*
-0.0009 Tc
0.0002 Tw
(Results show that this thin-layer soil rhizotr)Tj
18.9096 0 TD
-0.0012 Tc
0.0005 Tw
(on system allows researchers to observe and quantify)Tj
-18.9096 -1.259 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0004 Tw
(simultaneously the time courses of seedling root development and soil water content without disturbance to the)Tj
T*
-0.0007 Tc
0 Tw
(soil or roots.)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
14 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/TT2 4 0 R
/TT4 5 0 R
/TT6 6 0 R
/TT8 7 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 8 0 R
>>
/ColorSpace <<
/Cs5 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
8 0 obj
<<
/Type /ExtGState
/SA false
/SM 0.02
/TR /Identity
>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/Ascent 905
/CapHeight 718
/Descent -211
/Flags 32
/FontBBox [-665 -325 2028 1037]
/FontName /Arial
/ItalicAngle 0
/StemV 94
/XHeight 515
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/Ascent 905
/CapHeight 718
/Descent -211
/Flags 32
/FontBBox [-628 -376 2034 1048]
/FontName /Arial,Bold
/ItalicAngle 0
/StemV 144
/XHeight 515
>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/Ascent 905
/CapHeight 718
/Descent -211
/Flags 96
/FontBBox [-517 -325 1082 1025]
/FontName /Arial,Italic
/ItalicAngle -15
/StemV 0
>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/Ascent 905
/CapHeight 0
/Descent -211
/Flags 96
/FontBBox [-560 -376 1157 1031]
/FontName /Arial,BoldItalic
/ItalicAngle -15
/StemV 133
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 181
/Widths [278 0 355 0 0 889 0 191 333 333 0 0 278 333 278 278
556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 0 0 0 0 0
0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 0 556 833 722 778
667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 0 611 0 0 0 0 0
0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556
556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
400 0 0 0 0 576 ]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/BaseFont /Arial
/FontDescriptor 15 0 R
>>
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 122
/Widths [278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 278 0
556 556 556 0 0 556 0 556 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 0
0 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778
667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 0 0 278 889 611 611
611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 ]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/BaseFont /Arial,Bold
/FontDescriptor 16 0 R
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 117
/Widths [278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
667 0 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 556 556 500 556 556 278 0 556 222 0 0 222 833 556 556
0 0 333 500 278 556 ]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/BaseFont /Arial,Italic
/FontDescriptor 17 0 R
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /TrueType
/FirstChar 32
/LastChar 117
/Widths [278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 556 0 556 611 556 0 0 611 278 0 0 278 889 611 611
0 0 389 556 0 611 ]
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/BaseFont /Arial,BoldItalic
/FontDescriptor 18 0 R
>>
endobj
1 0 obj
<<
/Type /Page
/Parent 10 0 R
/Resources 3 0 R
/Contents 2 0 R
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/Type /Page
/Parent 10 0 R
/Resources 14 0 R
/Contents 13 0 R
>>
endobj
10 0 obj
<<
/Type /Pages
/Kids [1 0 R 12 0 R]
/Count 2
/MediaBox [0 0 612 792]
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<<
/CreationDate (D:20030423121518-04'00')
/ModDate (D:20030423121518-04'00')
/Producer (Acrobat Distiller 5.0.5 \(Windows\))
/Author (Administrator)
/Creator (PScript5.dll Version 5.2)
/Title (C:\\Documents and Settings\\Administrator\\My Documents\\WordPerfect and MS-Word documents\\NCR-101 2003 report from Georgia.wpd)
>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<<
/Type /Metadata
/Subtype /XML
/Length 1426
>>
stream
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\WordPerfect and MS-Word documents\NCR-101 2003 report from Georgia.wpd
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\WordPerfect and MS-Word documents\NCR-101 2003 report from Georgia.wpd
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\WordPerfect and MS-Word documents\NCR-101 2003 report from Georgia.wpd
endstream
endobj
21 0 obj
<<
/Type /Catalog
/Pages 10 0 R
/Metadata 20 0 R
>>
endobj
xref
0 22
0000000000 65535 f
0000021649 00000 n
0000000016 00000 n
0000008249 00000 n
0000019804 00000 n
0000020417 00000 n
0000020887 00000 n
0000021271 00000 n
0000019005 00000 n
0000008822 00000 n
0000021814 00000 n
0000008406 00000 n
0000021730 00000 n
0000008989 00000 n
0000018847 00000 n
0000019076 00000 n
0000019258 00000 n
0000019446 00000 n
0000019623 00000 n
0000021903 00000 n
0000022246 00000 n
0000023755 00000 n
trailer
<<
/Size 22
/Root 21 0 R
/Info 19 0 R
/ID []
>>
startxref
23823
%%EOF